Ways to Make Extra Money Online In College

Welcome back on campus! The majority of you have already been through this before, so you already know how much of a struggle it is to survive on a college budget. If you’re incoming freshmen, don’t be too worried - there are certainly ways around it. You can save money by using second-hand textbooks, or even renting the textbook from the library. And, you can make money through university work-study options, work at a coffee shop on campus, or even better, do it from the comfort of your dorm room online. With the tech and startup world booming, there are so many new opportunities out there for college students to take advantage of. Here are 3 ways to make extra money online in college without having to have sacrifice your focus on your education. 1. Fiverr Are you good at design? Can you speak more than 2 languages? Whatever your skill set is, you can offer your services on Fiverr. There are many contractors and freelance workers out there who are working for startups that need a quick turnaround time at minimal cost, and this is where they go. You can be one of them too! 2. Kickfurther Interested in a product or specific product brand? You can make earn extra money by partnering with them and helping them grow their businesses. Kickfurther is a community of individuals supporting experienced brands to make money in the retail world. Individuals earn as the product they support sell. 3. Scripted Does magic happen every time you touch the keyboard? Are you a detail oriented researcher? If so, you can earn money by being a writer on Scripted. It is an on-demand platform that pays freelance writers for already written articles, or customized articles that are needed. If you don’t already know, you can also earn money as a college student on ! Share your application journey with your successful application material and cash out $10 upfront! There are so many new opportunities out there, including being a Lyft or Uber driver, doing deliveries for Postmates, and so on. Just remember, while college expensive, there are many ways you can get around it while staying within your college budget.

How To Use Hashtags The Right Way On Every Social Network

How To Use Hashtags The Right Way On Every Social Network Most everyone knows what hashtags are in 2016. However, not everyone knows how to use hashtags  well.  When used properly, hashtags (# signs that help categorize social media content) make it easier for users to find related content. They can help increase the visibility of your messages  and boost your  social shares. When used inappropriately, however, they can negatively impact your credibility on social media. This can have the inverse effect of decreasing your social activity. The issue is more complicated when we look at hashtag used beyond Twitter, where theyre most popular. Lets take a moment to clear up some confusion. Basic hashtag dos and donts. How to find and select appropriate hashtags for your messages. Best practices for each social network. This Is How To Use Hashtags The Best Way On Every Social Network What Are Hashtags? Twitter first introduced hashtags to the social media world in 2007.  They've been confusing marketers and media professionals ever since. This video provides a decent historical rundown  of hashtag history (if you can bear with  it for more than 30 seconds): In practice, hashtags are used to  categorize social media  content into easily navigable lists. By including the #[INSERT KEYWORD] in a tweet, it then becomes visible inline with  other posts using that same hashtag. Do you know how to use hashtags? #socialmediaHow To Research  Hashtags  For Your Social Media Messages Sometimes, the best way to use hashtags is to find ones  that  already exist. Before you can get started, though,  you need to actually find those hashtags. Fortunately, there are a number of tools out there to help with this process. Let's take a look at a handful of useful options: There are many ways to find hashtags. Here are a few ways!Research Hashtags Trends On Twitter What The Trend is a tool that can help you find the top hashtags from the last 30 days. You can get new viewers by finding creative hashtags that fit your content and  are  recently trending. Find Hashtags For Twitter On  Twitonomy Twitonomy  can help you find personalized hashtags that revolve around the content you post on your Twitter accounts.  It can also show you the most powerful influencers using a given hashtag, as well as who's engaging the most. You'll need a premium to unlock this tool's most useful functionality, but fortunately, it's reasonably priced. Discover Hashtags For Twitter And Facebook With RiteTag RiteTag is a hashtag power tool for discovering hashtags. It also offers up-to-date usage data to show you how hashtags are performing in the real world. While the premium plans offer more functionality, the basic free plan still offers plenty of utility. In short, RiteTag is like a Swiss Army knife of deep hashtag research and tracking. This video provides a good run-down of what it can do: You Can Find Twitter Hashtags With  Hashtagify.me Hashtagify.me is another great tool for finding trending hashtags on Twitter. Plus, it also has an option to get email updates on trending hashtags as well. It offers free and premium plans for all sizes of companies, from individual users up to enterprise accounts. How To Find Hashtags Directly On Each Network Finding Hashtags On Twitter There is a list of what is currently popular and a link to all the related tweets on  your main feed on the left hand side of  your Twitter newsfeed. You can also use the search bar to find hashtags to know  what folks are currently using. This is a great way to hone in on hashtags that are super relevant  to the content you want to share. How To Find Hashtags On Instagram: When you open the Instagram  app, you should see a magnifying glass on your home screen: Here, you can browse trending hashtags: Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram How To Find Hashtags On Facebook: You can search hashtags in the Facebook search bar: People sometimes confuse trending topics with trending hashtags. While it may be helpful to monitor the trending topics that appear to the right of your News Feed, these are not necessarily hashtag-based. Recommended Reading: Best Practices Guide For Making Sure Your Posts Look Good On Social Media How To Find Hashtags On Google+: When you  go to insert a hashtag in your post, Google+  proceeds to give you a list of top hashtags related to your post. This can be a useful means of finding more hashtags related to your post topic: How To Find Hashtags On Pinterest: Pinterest search  supports hashtags as a tagging and discovery engine. When you search a hashtag, pins with similar keywords  in the description will show up in the results (along with  pins that have the same term in the URL,  photo name, or product page tied to the Pin). Use hashtags in Youtube comment sections. #Youtube #hashtagsRecommended Reading:  How To Get More Followers On Pinterest With 21+ Tactics That Will Grow Your Following How To Use Hashtags On YouTube: YouTube uses hashtags in comment sections. Try searching for videos related to the topic of your video to see which hashtags appear popular. Clicking on hashtags on YouTube used to bring you to a Google+ page with more related posts. However, they now bring you to a page within YouTube: How To Use Hashtags On Every Social Network How To Use Hashtags On Facebook A better question might be, "Should I use hashtags on Facebook at all?" Data shows hashtags on Facebook  do not help boost engagement. That means you might be better served by leaving hashtags off entirely. In one study, posts with hashtags  received only .80% viral reach, while posts without hashtags had 1.30% viral reach. Data shows that using hashtags on Facebook doesn't help boost engagement.Plus, Facebook doesn't recognize hashtags in the search bar. The only way to find hashtags is to directly click on the hashtag in a post. Pro Tip: If you do use hashtags in your Facebook  posts, the bare minimum  is the way to go. Digital Information World found that posts with just one or two hashtags got the most interactions. Recommended Reading:  What 16 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media How To Use Hashtags On Twitter Stick to one or two hashtags per post  since that tends  to grow engagement on your content by 21%. When you start using 3 or more hashtags per message, you lower engagement by almost 17%. Pro Tip: When it comes to your Twitter bio, use hashtags sparingly. In other words, avoid filling your entire bio with hashtags. How To Use Hashtags On Instagram Photos with 11+ hashtags seem to get the most interactions. However,  they can also  look like spam when they're overdone. Master the hashtag like photographer Matthew Hodgeman.  While he uses hashtags heavily, he keeps them relevant: Matthew tagged  the area he was in, along with the topics that his audience would be interested in. That targeting got almost 20 more likes than the rest of his photos from that week. How To Use Hashtags On Pinterest Pinterest hashtags lead to search results for the keyword in your hashtags. That means if  you have a hashtag in your Pin description, your Pinners can click through to find similar content for those keywords, not necessarily only for that hashtag. There's also no guarantee Pinterest will index the hashtags you choose to use. If  you do decide to use hashtags on Pinterest, then less is more. There is evidence that Pinterest will even demote the value of your Pins that have too many hashtags.  Furthermore, some say the best way to use hashtags on Pinterest is to use your own customized hashtags that people click to see your own related Pins instead of directing traffic to see a broader category around a topic. How To Use Hashtags On Google+ Google+ hashtags are  automatically  assigned to your posts. However, you can edit them, or add your own. Google+ lets you include them in your comments as well. This gives your posts more opportunity to be seen. Usually, a total  2 or 3 hashtags is a good target here. Aim to use 2 or 3 hashtags. That's a good target!How To Use Hashtags On YouTube According to SproutSocial, hashtags on  YouTube are most widely used in the comment section.  You can use hashtags to categorize your content to be found by topic, using your keywords as the foundation for your hashtags. Pro Tip: Increase the visibility of your YouTube videos by leaving a comment with relevant  hashtags. This will then click through to a page with videos that contain that hashtag in their title. Recommended Reading: How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust How To Create  Your Own Hashtag There are times when  you might want to create your own hashtag. You might want one to   complement an event  so attendees can track social posts. Or, you might have a unique  marketing campaign  that needs its own hashtag (rather than jumping on one that already exists). Can't find a good hashtag for your content? Create your own hashtag!In these cases,  follow  this advice: A good hashtag is: Memorable. Unique. Relevant to the content you're sharing. Strike a balance: Make it unique but simple to remember. Don’t make your hashtag so broad that it's hard to track.Hashtags should be 1. memorable 2. unique and 3. relevantFollow These Hashtag Best Practices 1. Be Mindful of Proper Hashtag Etiquette on Each Specific Network Instagram hashtags are often more geared toward topics or descriptions. However, Twitter hashtags tend to be more focused on a topic or conversation. Get familiar with how your specific audience uses hashtags on their networks. Then, participate in the conversation accordingly. 2.  Use Hashtags That Fit Your Brand It's tempting to jump on every hot trending hashtag out there. However, it's better to stick to using  hashtags that fit your brand. Use some common sense and ask yourself if a hashtag actually fits your image, message, content, and audience. For example, if your brand primarily serves customers over 40, then using a hashtag heavy on youth slang  will probably look awkward. Stick to the hashtags that fit your brand. #blogging #marketing3.  Create  Hashtags For Promotions Running a  promotion? What better way than to spread the word through hashtags. Here's one example for National Walking Day: Pro Tip: You can even give away  free swag to participants using the hashtag. 4. Keep  Them Short And Memorable Twitter only allows you 140 characters, so if your hashtag takes up too much room, people won't  want to use it because it will take away from their content and links. By overcrowding your tweet, you're going to lose attention, not grab it. Don't overcrowd your Tweet. You will lose attention.The same principle applies to other networks as well. Even on platforms where length isn't a concern, staying memorable is (and in that case, the shorter and snappier they are, the better). 5.  Capitalize The First Letter Of Each Word #whenyouputmanywordstogether in a single hashtag, the letters can become all jumbled up and difficult to skim through. #ButIfYouCapitalize the first  letter of each word, it's easier to distinguish each word and read at a glance. Hashtags are not case sensitive, so when  you combine multiple words together in your hashtag,  distinguish them by capitalizing the first letter of each word. 6.  Use Hashtags In Twitter Chats Twitter chats are online events centering an entire conversation around a hashtag. They're a great way to build relationships with your audience, and encourage engagement with a branded hashtag. Recommended Reading:  How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust Avoid These Common Hashtag Mistakes Some of these tips are basic. Some you may never have heard of. But one thing is clear: If you make these mistakes, you'll miss out on the engagement you were hoping to get from your social messages. 1. Don't  Use Spaces Or Special Punctuation Use #SuperBowl not #super bowl. Your social networks  will only recognize the first word. Don't use  punctuation marks, but you can use numbers as long as you  complement  them  with a bit of text (like that #smmw16, for example). 2. Don’t Use The @ Symbol  In Hashtags Your hashtags aren't designed to tag your network's users.  So combining both  a hashtag and an "at" symbol  will only tag the person/user, and you won't send a hashtag at all. 3.  Don't Go Overboard With Too Many Hashtags #How #Annoying #Would #It #Be #To #Have #To #Go #Through #And #Read #Thirty #Hashtags #And #Try #To #Find #Out #What #It #Is #Saying. No one likes #hashtag #spam.4.  Don't Spam There are websites, brands, and individuals that use popular  hashtags and just throw them in  their social messages  with no context, just for the sole purpose of helping  other accounts to find  them. This plan may seem to work in the short term, but just when Instagram did a complete clean out of any account that seemed to be linked with spam, these individuals lost hundreds of thousands of followers. Their  hashtag plan completely backfired. 5. Make Sure Hashtags Mean What You Think They Do Pizza brand DiGiorno Pizza made a huge  mistake when they jumped on the viral hashtag  #WhyIStayed.  DiGiorno didn't look up the context of the hashtag. #WhyIStayed  pertained to people who were sharing their domestic violence stories to raise awareness after Ray Rice punched his then-financeà ¨ Janay Palmer. DiGiorno tweeted â€Å"#whyIstayed You had pizza†. Within a minute, the tweet had been deleted, but the damage had already been done. Pro Tip: Hashtags are often related to current events and cultural trends. If you're unsure what a hashtag might be referring to, take a few minutes to do some research. 6.  Make Sure Your Hashtags Work If there is a symbol or punctuation in or after the hashtag, you will break the hashtag. Grammar police beware. If  you want to post #I'mback, your hashtag will break after the I. You can tell where your hashtag broke when the blue line turns into black text. Take a look at "#it's" in this example of a Tweet scheduled with . The preview here shows that the apostrophe is breaking your hashtag. If there are letters or numbers before the hashtag, it will break it before it even starts. So if your hashtag is 123#abc, abc won't  link to a hashtag. If the hashtag is made up entirely of numbers, the hashtag will not hyperlink. But if you include  letters with  your numbers, the hashtag will work correctly. So  #12345 won't work. but #123abc will. Recommended Reading: 10 Reasons You Should Be Using Blog Comments Reals Of How To Use Hashtags The Right Way Let's take a look at some super successful hashtag strategies to inspire your own. Jimmy Fallon: King Of The Hashtag For Social Media Engagement Over the last few years, Jimmy Fallon has become a master of using hashtags to engage his audience. He even has a segment on his show every week where he  asks his audience to submit their stories using his hashtags. Let's check out a few: @jimmyfallon I once got a text from my mom where Youre amazing autocorrected to Youre adopted #momtexts Stefen Colalillo (@StefenColalillo) October 2, 2013 One year, I got the book Hes Just Not That Into You from FIVE different people. Message received. #worstgiftever @jimmyfallon Dani Dudek (@fancypantsLATX) December 10, 2013 Direct quote: Can you tip me in cash, bro? I think Im getting fired in about 20 minutes. #myweirdwaiter Kyle Molin (@kyle_molin) January 8, 2014 #LikeAGirl 84% of people will share content  because it makes them feel like they're supporting a cause. This principle is what helped the #LikeAGirl campaign go viral. When Always created the campaign that asked girls and boys to do things "like a girl", teens tended  not take the message seriously.  However, younger kids really took it to heart. The aim was  to show that as kids get  older you get, the world instills in  them negative perceptions about how girls should act. The campaign was an overwhelming success.  Since debuting in June 2014, this video has had more than  80 million views worldwide, which was helped in part by the #LikeAGirl hashtag that complemented the campaign: #EsuranceSave30 Here's another great example from  Esurance. Last year, they saved $1.5 million by buying air time for their  commercial right after the Super Bowl was over. They promised to give away that  cash to one person who included #EsuranceSave30 in a tweet. 2.39 million users tweeted with the hashtag, elevating awareness of the Esurance brand (for a lot less than the cost of traditional advertising): And That's How To Use Hashtags To  Increase Your Brand Awareness Hashtags can make or break your social media messages and engagement. It's super important  that you understand where, when, and how to use them.  Now you have a bunch of tips to get you started in the right direction!

How To Use Hashtags The Right Way On Every Social Network

How To Use Hashtags The Right Way On Every Social Network Most everyone knows what hashtags are in 2016. However, not everyone knows how to use hashtags  well.  When used properly, hashtags (# signs that help categorize social media content) make it easier for users to find related content. They can help increase the visibility of your messages  and boost your  social shares. When used inappropriately, however, they can negatively impact your credibility on social media. This can have the inverse effect of decreasing your social activity. The issue is more complicated when we look at hashtag used beyond Twitter, where theyre most popular. Lets take a moment to clear up some confusion. Basic hashtag dos and donts. How to find and select appropriate hashtags for your messages. Best practices for each social network. This Is How To Use Hashtags The Best Way On Every Social Network What Are Hashtags? Twitter first introduced hashtags to the social media world in 2007.  They've been confusing marketers and media professionals ever since. This video provides a decent historical rundown  of hashtag history (if you can bear with  it for more than 30 seconds): In practice, hashtags are used to  categorize social media  content into easily navigable lists. By including the #[INSERT KEYWORD] in a tweet, it then becomes visible inline with  other posts using that same hashtag. Do you know how to use hashtags? #socialmediaHow To Research  Hashtags  For Your Social Media Messages Sometimes, the best way to use hashtags is to find ones  that  already exist. Before you can get started, though,  you need to actually find those hashtags. Fortunately, there are a number of tools out there to help with this process. Let's take a look at a handful of useful options: There are many ways to find hashtags. Here are a few ways!Research Hashtags Trends On Twitter What The Trend is a tool that can help you find the top hashtags from the last 30 days. You can get new viewers by finding creative hashtags that fit your content and  are  recently trending. Find Hashtags For Twitter On  Twitonomy Twitonomy  can help you find personalized hashtags that revolve around the content you post on your Twitter accounts.  It can also show you the most powerful influencers using a given hashtag, as well as who's engaging the most. You'll need a premium to unlock this tool's most useful functionality, but fortunately, it's reasonably priced. Discover Hashtags For Twitter And Facebook With RiteTag RiteTag is a hashtag power tool for discovering hashtags. It also offers up-to-date usage data to show you how hashtags are performing in the real world. While the premium plans offer more functionality, the basic free plan still offers plenty of utility. In short, RiteTag is like a Swiss Army knife of deep hashtag research and tracking. This video provides a good run-down of what it can do: You Can Find Twitter Hashtags With  Hashtagify.me Hashtagify.me is another great tool for finding trending hashtags on Twitter. Plus, it also has an option to get email updates on trending hashtags as well. It offers free and premium plans for all sizes of companies, from individual users up to enterprise accounts. How To Find Hashtags Directly On Each Network Finding Hashtags On Twitter There is a list of what is currently popular and a link to all the related tweets on  your main feed on the left hand side of  your Twitter newsfeed. You can also use the search bar to find hashtags to know  what folks are currently using. This is a great way to hone in on hashtags that are super relevant  to the content you want to share. How To Find Hashtags On Instagram: When you open the Instagram  app, you should see a magnifying glass on your home screen: Here, you can browse trending hashtags: Recommended Reading: How To Improve Your Visual Marketing On Pinterest And Instagram How To Find Hashtags On Facebook: You can search hashtags in the Facebook search bar: People sometimes confuse trending topics with trending hashtags. While it may be helpful to monitor the trending topics that appear to the right of your News Feed, these are not necessarily hashtag-based. Recommended Reading: Best Practices Guide For Making Sure Your Posts Look Good On Social Media How To Find Hashtags On Google+: When you  go to insert a hashtag in your post, Google+  proceeds to give you a list of top hashtags related to your post. This can be a useful means of finding more hashtags related to your post topic: How To Find Hashtags On Pinterest: Pinterest search  supports hashtags as a tagging and discovery engine. When you search a hashtag, pins with similar keywords  in the description will show up in the results (along with  pins that have the same term in the URL,  photo name, or product page tied to the Pin). Use hashtags in Youtube comment sections. #Youtube #hashtagsRecommended Reading:  How To Get More Followers On Pinterest With 21+ Tactics That Will Grow Your Following How To Use Hashtags On YouTube: YouTube uses hashtags in comment sections. Try searching for videos related to the topic of your video to see which hashtags appear popular. Clicking on hashtags on YouTube used to bring you to a Google+ page with more related posts. However, they now bring you to a page within YouTube: How To Use Hashtags On Every Social Network How To Use Hashtags On Facebook A better question might be, "Should I use hashtags on Facebook at all?" Data shows hashtags on Facebook  do not help boost engagement. That means you might be better served by leaving hashtags off entirely. In one study, posts with hashtags  received only .80% viral reach, while posts without hashtags had 1.30% viral reach. Data shows that using hashtags on Facebook doesn't help boost engagement.Plus, Facebook doesn't recognize hashtags in the search bar. The only way to find hashtags is to directly click on the hashtag in a post. Pro Tip: If you do use hashtags in your Facebook  posts, the bare minimum  is the way to go. Digital Information World found that posts with just one or two hashtags got the most interactions. Recommended Reading:  What 16 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media How To Use Hashtags On Twitter Stick to one or two hashtags per post  since that tends  to grow engagement on your content by 21%. When you start using 3 or more hashtags per message, you lower engagement by almost 17%. Pro Tip: When it comes to your Twitter bio, use hashtags sparingly. In other words, avoid filling your entire bio with hashtags. How To Use Hashtags On Instagram Photos with 11+ hashtags seem to get the most interactions. However,  they can also  look like spam when they're overdone. Master the hashtag like photographer Matthew Hodgeman.  While he uses hashtags heavily, he keeps them relevant: Matthew tagged  the area he was in, along with the topics that his audience would be interested in. That targeting got almost 20 more likes than the rest of his photos from that week. How To Use Hashtags On Pinterest Pinterest hashtags lead to search results for the keyword in your hashtags. That means if  you have a hashtag in your Pin description, your Pinners can click through to find similar content for those keywords, not necessarily only for that hashtag. There's also no guarantee Pinterest will index the hashtags you choose to use. If  you do decide to use hashtags on Pinterest, then less is more. There is evidence that Pinterest will even demote the value of your Pins that have too many hashtags.  Furthermore, some say the best way to use hashtags on Pinterest is to use your own customized hashtags that people click to see your own related Pins instead of directing traffic to see a broader category around a topic. How To Use Hashtags On Google+ Google+ hashtags are  automatically  assigned to your posts. However, you can edit them, or add your own. Google+ lets you include them in your comments as well. This gives your posts more opportunity to be seen. Usually, a total  2 or 3 hashtags is a good target here. Aim to use 2 or 3 hashtags. That's a good target!How To Use Hashtags On YouTube According to SproutSocial, hashtags on  YouTube are most widely used in the comment section.  You can use hashtags to categorize your content to be found by topic, using your keywords as the foundation for your hashtags. Pro Tip: Increase the visibility of your YouTube videos by leaving a comment with relevant  hashtags. This will then click through to a page with videos that contain that hashtag in their title. Recommended Reading: How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust How To Create  Your Own Hashtag There are times when  you might want to create your own hashtag. You might want one to   complement an event  so attendees can track social posts. Or, you might have a unique  marketing campaign  that needs its own hashtag (rather than jumping on one that already exists). Can't find a good hashtag for your content? Create your own hashtag!In these cases,  follow  this advice: A good hashtag is: Memorable. Unique. Relevant to the content you're sharing. Strike a balance: Make it unique but simple to remember. Don’t make your hashtag so broad that it's hard to track.Hashtags should be 1. memorable 2. unique and 3. relevantFollow These Hashtag Best Practices 1. Be Mindful of Proper Hashtag Etiquette on Each Specific Network Instagram hashtags are often more geared toward topics or descriptions. However, Twitter hashtags tend to be more focused on a topic or conversation. Get familiar with how your specific audience uses hashtags on their networks. Then, participate in the conversation accordingly. 2.  Use Hashtags That Fit Your Brand It's tempting to jump on every hot trending hashtag out there. However, it's better to stick to using  hashtags that fit your brand. Use some common sense and ask yourself if a hashtag actually fits your image, message, content, and audience. For example, if your brand primarily serves customers over 40, then using a hashtag heavy on youth slang  will probably look awkward. Stick to the hashtags that fit your brand. #blogging #marketing3.  Create  Hashtags For Promotions Running a  promotion? What better way than to spread the word through hashtags. Here's one example for National Walking Day: Pro Tip: You can even give away  free swag to participants using the hashtag. 4. Keep  Them Short And Memorable Twitter only allows you 140 characters, so if your hashtag takes up too much room, people won't  want to use it because it will take away from their content and links. By overcrowding your tweet, you're going to lose attention, not grab it. Don't overcrowd your Tweet. You will lose attention.The same principle applies to other networks as well. Even on platforms where length isn't a concern, staying memorable is (and in that case, the shorter and snappier they are, the better). 5.  Capitalize The First Letter Of Each Word #whenyouputmanywordstogether in a single hashtag, the letters can become all jumbled up and difficult to skim through. #ButIfYouCapitalize the first  letter of each word, it's easier to distinguish each word and read at a glance. Hashtags are not case sensitive, so when  you combine multiple words together in your hashtag,  distinguish them by capitalizing the first letter of each word. 6.  Use Hashtags In Twitter Chats Twitter chats are online events centering an entire conversation around a hashtag. They're a great way to build relationships with your audience, and encourage engagement with a branded hashtag. Recommended Reading:  How To Use A Twitter Chat To Grow Your Audience And Gain Trust Avoid These Common Hashtag Mistakes Some of these tips are basic. Some you may never have heard of. But one thing is clear: If you make these mistakes, you'll miss out on the engagement you were hoping to get from your social messages. 1. Don't  Use Spaces Or Special Punctuation Use #SuperBowl not #super bowl. Your social networks  will only recognize the first word. Don't use  punctuation marks, but you can use numbers as long as you  complement  them  with a bit of text (like that #smmw16, for example). 2. Don’t Use The @ Symbol  In Hashtags Your hashtags aren't designed to tag your network's users.  So combining both  a hashtag and an "at" symbol  will only tag the person/user, and you won't send a hashtag at all. 3.  Don't Go Overboard With Too Many Hashtags #How #Annoying #Would #It #Be #To #Have #To #Go #Through #And #Read #Thirty #Hashtags #And #Try #To #Find #Out #What #It #Is #Saying. No one likes #hashtag #spam.4.  Don't Spam There are websites, brands, and individuals that use popular  hashtags and just throw them in  their social messages  with no context, just for the sole purpose of helping  other accounts to find  them. This plan may seem to work in the short term, but just when Instagram did a complete clean out of any account that seemed to be linked with spam, these individuals lost hundreds of thousands of followers. Their  hashtag plan completely backfired. 5. Make Sure Hashtags Mean What You Think They Do Pizza brand DiGiorno Pizza made a huge  mistake when they jumped on the viral hashtag  #WhyIStayed.  DiGiorno didn't look up the context of the hashtag. #WhyIStayed  pertained to people who were sharing their domestic violence stories to raise awareness after Ray Rice punched his then-financeà ¨ Janay Palmer. DiGiorno tweeted â€Å"#whyIstayed You had pizza†. Within a minute, the tweet had been deleted, but the damage had already been done. Pro Tip: Hashtags are often related to current events and cultural trends. If you're unsure what a hashtag might be referring to, take a few minutes to do some research. 6.  Make Sure Your Hashtags Work If there is a symbol or punctuation in or after the hashtag, you will break the hashtag. Grammar police beware. If  you want to post #I'mback, your hashtag will break after the I. You can tell where your hashtag broke when the blue line turns into black text. Take a look at "#it's" in this example of a Tweet scheduled with . The preview here shows that the apostrophe is breaking your hashtag. If there are letters or numbers before the hashtag, it will break it before it even starts. So if your hashtag is 123#abc, abc won't  link to a hashtag. If the hashtag is made up entirely of numbers, the hashtag will not hyperlink. But if you include  letters with  your numbers, the hashtag will work correctly. So  #12345 won't work. but #123abc will. Recommended Reading: 10 Reasons You Should Be Using Blog Comments Reals Of How To Use Hashtags The Right Way Let's take a look at some super successful hashtag strategies to inspire your own. Jimmy Fallon: King Of The Hashtag For Social Media Engagement Over the last few years, Jimmy Fallon has become a master of using hashtags to engage his audience. He even has a segment on his show every week where he  asks his audience to submit their stories using his hashtags. Let's check out a few: @jimmyfallon I once got a text from my mom where Youre amazing autocorrected to Youre adopted #momtexts Stefen Colalillo (@StefenColalillo) October 2, 2013 One year, I got the book Hes Just Not That Into You from FIVE different people. Message received. #worstgiftever @jimmyfallon Dani Dudek (@fancypantsLATX) December 10, 2013 Direct quote: Can you tip me in cash, bro? I think Im getting fired in about 20 minutes. #myweirdwaiter Kyle Molin (@kyle_molin) January 8, 2014 #LikeAGirl 84% of people will share content  because it makes them feel like they're supporting a cause. This principle is what helped the #LikeAGirl campaign go viral. When Always created the campaign that asked girls and boys to do things "like a girl", teens tended  not take the message seriously.  However, younger kids really took it to heart. The aim was  to show that as kids get  older you get, the world instills in  them negative perceptions about how girls should act. The campaign was an overwhelming success.  Since debuting in June 2014, this video has had more than  80 million views worldwide, which was helped in part by the #LikeAGirl hashtag that complemented the campaign: #EsuranceSave30 Here's another great example from  Esurance. Last year, they saved $1.5 million by buying air time for their  commercial right after the Super Bowl was over. They promised to give away that  cash to one person who included #EsuranceSave30 in a tweet. 2.39 million users tweeted with the hashtag, elevating awareness of the Esurance brand (for a lot less than the cost of traditional advertising): And That's How To Use Hashtags To  Increase Your Brand Awareness Hashtags can make or break your social media messages and engagement. It's super important  that you understand where, when, and how to use them.  Now you have a bunch of tips to get you started in the right direction!

Family study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Family study - Assignment Example Because I think it is more effective to understand the otherness of two groups, knowing how to adapt us in a better way. In addition, we should aspire to multiculturalism because the society could be more splendid and interesting with more diversity and we could know more about different cultures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I came to America, I met a lot of great friends here. Mike is an ABC (American Born in China) boy, his father is from Chinese and his mother is an American. I heard about some interesting thing in his family. He thought his family is very special with two total opposite cultures. The advantages are he could speak both two languages though he could not write down the Chinese letters. In addition, he learned two different cultures and use two thinking model to look upon things. However, this structure of family also influence him and there are some disadvantages, such as his parents always have a culture clash and have different attitudes when they face the same thing. He told me that sometimes he felt very confused about his parents’ thinking and had no idea which one was better.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To my surprise, the research shows there is no difference in developmental outcomes when children rose by same-sex couples. I thought they would have higher gay trends due to the influence of their parents, but it was actually my bias. However, comparing with children who grow up in heterosexual families, children who are from gay couples families are treated differently. They have less rights and unfair treatments in the society today, such as they have no rights to visit parents in hospital or do not have spousal health insurance coverage. The most important thing is, children from gay family might live in the environment with societal stigma, which could cause mental harm to them. Response: I agree with what is researched and mentioned in the article. The reason behind my agreement is

Buying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Buying - Essay Example The company emphasizes the need for sustainable business practices such as the use of organic materials and saving energy. A lot of profit is driven by the company’s proposition of being committed to environmental awareness, and observing the rights of animals. When it comes to prices, Stella McCartney markets itself as understanding even the customer’s pocket. As such the company’s prices are relatively lower as compared to the competition and this presents another competitive edge. In terms of segmentation the company has directed a lot of its focus on women offering accessories, clothing, beauty products and lingerie. it also has products for kids of either sex and has partnered with Adidas to avail a new line of sports performance collection for women. The company’s customer range from women especially young adults who love luxury brands to sports persons and even families with newborns. Stella McCartney has greatly diversified and portrayed herself as a company doing responsible business and as such the customer base is wide. Almost every person today will visit Stella McCartney for products that range from footwear, eyewear, and ready to wear clothes, bags and other accessories and even

Truth and Socrates Essay Example for Free

Truth and Socrates Essay ?Euthyphro is a dialogue between Socrates and a traveling cleric. The two men meet at court, where the cleric, Euthyphro, claims to have a clear definition of piety. Socrates exclaims that he wishes to know the definition of piety so that he may better defend himself in his upcoming trial. Euthyphro agrees to teach Socrates, and so they begin to discuss. Early on, Socrates makes clear his desire for a universal truth, or a definition of piety that will be true in every case. Euthyphro makes several attempts to define piety in a way that satisfies Socrates. The first attempt at a definition does not satisfy Socrates because it is merely an example. In trying to define piety, Euthyphro merely states that his current undertaking at court is pious. While Socrates does not disagree outright, he presses Euthyphro for a universal definition of piety that could be used in every situation. Euthyphro’s second definition, â€Å"what is dear to the gods is pious, what is not is impious,† pleases Socrates because it is a universal statement. This definition is general enough to be widely applicable, and seems to outline the defining characteristics of piety. Upon closer inspection, however, Socrates finds the definition unsatisfying. Because the gods disagree about so many things, and act in contradiction to each other, it would be foolish to assume they would all agree upon the definition of piety. Euthyphro points out in his defence that all the gods would agree that Euthyphro’s current action of bringing his father to trial is pious. Socrates dismisses this, as it is not a universal definition and is essentially just another example. Euthyphro attempts to satisfy Socrates by amending his definition slightly. Piety, says Euthyphro, is what all the gods love, and the impious is what all the gods hate. Socrates is not satisfied by this definition, either, and so he tries a different tack to extract a definition from Euthyphro. Socrates does this by asking: â€Å"Is the pious being loved by the gods because it is pious, or is it pious because it is being loved by the gods? † When Euthyphro seems unsure, Socrates simplifies his question with an analogy. He asks Euthyphro if something is â€Å"carried† because it is â€Å"a thing carried,† or if it is â€Å"carried† because something is carrying it. Both men agree that the action confers the state of being. That is, a thing loved is so because someone loves it, and the thing itself is not creating a state of â€Å"loving† within the people around it. Likewise, being loved is not a state inherent to the thing loved, but is the result of the love others bear for the thing. Moving from his analogy back to Euthyphro’s definition, Socrates shows the fallacy in Euthyphro’s statement. Being god-loved cannot confer piety, as it confers â€Å"god-loved-ness† instead. Therefore, in Euthyphro’s statement, all the gods loving something would make that thing universally god-loved, but in no way makes it pious. An act is loved by the gods because it is pious, and not the other way around. Socrates, presumably tired of Euthyphro’s poor definitions, takes a stab at defining piety himself. He muses to Euthyphro that piety is a species of the genus justice, and that perhaps starting there would help the two men to agree on pious qualities. Socrates uses a poem as an example: â€Å"You do not wish to name Zeus, who had done it, and who made all things grow, for where there is fear there is shame. † While surely, says Socrates, those who feel shame also feel fear for their reputation or good name, those who feel fear do not necessarily feel shame as well. Being fearful of disease or poverty is not shameful, and is quite understandable. Shame is a smaller part of fear, covering a smaller area, just as piety covers a smaller area than justice, although the two entirely overlap. With a newfound agreement on the properties of piety, Socrates again asks Euthyphro to define piety by what part of justice it constitutes. Euthyphro states that â€Å"the godly and pious is the part of the just that is concerned with the care of the gods, while that concerned with the care of men is the remaining part of justice. † Socrates seems pleased by this new definition, but has one area that must be further defined – namely, the term â€Å"care for. † Socrates points out that the term â€Å"care for† means to benefit the object of care. Caring for the gods would then benefit them and make them better, an impossible act of hubris that flies in the face of the religion of the day. Euthyphro quickly enhances his definition: it’s the kind of care that a slave gives to his master. Socrates continues to press Euthyphro and demands to know what goal the gods intend to achieve by way of human service. Euthyphro gives a long-winded answer that Socrates immediately reduces to two independent clauses. The first is that the gods achieve, by way of human servitude, piety on earth in their servants’ actions. The second is that piety is the knowledge of how to sacrifice and pray. Socrates points out that Euthyphro’s latest definition reduces piety to a sort of commerce between gods and men, where pious men are the best bargainers and most skillful traders. Euthyphro agrees, although he would prefer grander wording. Socrates then asks: If pious men are trading with the gods, and the gifts from gods to men are obvious, then what are the gifts from men to gods? Euthyphro answers that the gods desire from men pleasing attitudes such as honour and reverence. Socrates once again reduces Euthyphro’s statement to a simpler form: â€Å"The pious is once again what is dear to the gods. † The argument has come full circle, back to a point where an object is conferring an action upon actors, and logical analysis leads round and back again. Socrates points this out, eager to dive back into defining piety, but Euthyphro claims he is now in a hurry and must continue the conversation some other time. While Euthyphro is unable to define piety in a convincing way, Socrates himself takes up the challenge in The Apology. While he doesn’t come right out and say it in so many words, Socrates clearly details how a man should act throughout his life and care for his soul to ensure a pious existence. According to Socrates, a man who wishes to live a pious life, insofar as he wishes to take the greatest care of his soul and follow the purest pursuits on Earth, should seek the truth in any form, at any cost. This is most clearly expressed by the statement â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living. † Socrates would presumably define piety as the pursuit of truth. Piety, in the religious world of Socrates, can be taken as a more all-encompassing trait than it might be in modern times. Because everyone in Socrates’s society participated in the same religion, piety was a universally positive trait. Good things came from the gods, and men who engaged in religious acts were generally also pillars of Athenian society. Today piety has a narrower definition. Because religion no longer holds the position it once did in the world, and because people follow so many different religions, piety has been relegated to a rather specific set of qualities, most of which involve devotion to the church. In Socrates’s time, goodness and godliness were so close as to be inseparable, and so to be pious was to be a multitude of positive adjectives that existed in the wide realm of goodness and godliness. Piety is a desirable trait in humans, spawning bravery, kindness, wisdom, and all manner of positive attributes in those who are considered to be pious. However, each of these positive attributes is directly connected with discovering truths. Bravery or courage, one of the most readily identifiable positive traits, is a special kind of knowledge (Plato, Laches 196. c). By understanding the risks and rewards of a particular action in a certain situation, brave people will risk themselves to a certain degree, presumably because they have calculated the rewards to be justifiably great. An equally courageous act, the admission of ignorance, would allow a general to withdraw his troops from a potentially compromising situation, probably to the disdain of his fellow generals. While scorn may be heaped on this general for â€Å"fleeing,† his courage and strength of character saves the lives of his soldiers to fight another day; a prouder or more ignorant general would foolishly stand his ground and lose. Prudence, it would seem in this situation, is part of bravery. The observance of the truth, that of the general’s previous ignorance of the current field of battle, allows the general to be courageous and brave. Truth is far more important than anything else. Truth is possessed by the gods, and occasionally discovered by man, perhaps by some design of the gods. When mathematics was discovered, and the objective truths of the hypotenuse and division were used, the gods were credited with the creation, or perhaps the release of, these intangible and indisputable truths. Men could not touch them, overturn them, or argue about them. They simply were. When the prophet at Delphi relayed a message from the gods, specifically that no man was wiser than Socrates, the truth of the matter was unquestioned by Socrates. Socrates, incredulous at this prophecy, began to pursue the meaning of the statement. Socrates refers to this as â€Å"my investigation in the service of god. † Wisdom, a desirable trait on its own, seems to be the knowledge of things. But how could Socrates be the wisest man? He had no knowledge of many things, such as politics, poetry, or craftsmanship. As he interviewed learned men in Greece, he began to realize an important difference. Many men in Greece had knowledge of things. They knew how to write, fight, or create, but these were not the truths Socrates sought. These were merely the men’s experiences, an amalgamation of experience. An objective truth, such as the use of a hypotenuse, was nowhere to be found. Socrates, in his staunch pursuit of truth, considered what he knew to be true in the same manner as geometry. He realized there was little he knew so well as his own ignorance – namely, the truth was that he did not know much at all. And so it became clear to Socrates that his wisdom was a by-product of the admission of his own ignorance, and that the pursuit of truth, no matter how damaging to the reputation of the seeker, was considered wise by the gods. Truth and piety became intermingled for Socrates, as he followed his divine mission in the pursuit of truth, no matter the cost to his reputation, or the danger it posed for him. Socrates’s willingness to die for the truth is an act of piety, as is his impoverished life and disregard for his reputation. When Socrates meets someone who thinks he is wise, Socrates believes he is coming to the assistance of the gods by showing that person his ignorance (Plato, Apology 23. b). Socrates devotes his whole life, and his death, to the pursuit of truth, no matter the cost. Because Socrates associates the notion of truth so closely with the gods, it could be said that his god is truth, and vice versa. When the notions of â€Å"god† and â€Å"truth† become synonymous, Socrates’s definition of piety becomes apparent. Bibliography Brickhouse, TC. and Smith, ND. (1990). Socrates on Trial. Oxford University Press. Grube, G. M. A. and John Cooper (2002). Five Dialogues. Hacket Publishing. Linder, Doug (2002). The Trial of Socrates. University of Missouri–Kansas City School of Law. Retrieved November 11, 2013. Plato (400 BC). Apology. 17a-42a. Plato (400 BC). Euthyphro. 2a-16a. Plato (400 BC). Laches. 178a-201a. Plato (400 BC). Crito. 43a-54e.

Application of Positivist Theory in Criminology

Application of Positivist Theory in Criminology Positivist Theory and its Implications on the James Holmes Case Over the years, various theoretical frameworks have been proposed to explain the nature and causation of crimes. This includes the collective positivist theory, particularly the biological and psychological trait theories as explanations on why individuals commit certain crimes. The positivist tradition in criminology suggests that psychological, biological, and even social forces determine a person’s criminal behavior, hence noting that the criminal act is beyond the control of the person. To examine this theory and its implications to crime, one may analyze the case of James Holmes, the suspect of mass shooting at the Century movie house in Aurora, Colorado, killing 12 people on July 20, 2012. Investigations revealed that the alleged perpetrator had history of mental consultations, which strongly affirmed issues with his mental well-being. Considering that Holmes exhibited substantial signs and symptoms indicative of mental illness, prompt diagnosis and treatment might have prevented the fatal Aurora shooting; true to the goals of a positivist psychology, it is also best to manage Holmes through a treatment in a mental health facility, rather than a criminal punishment. Before examining how a psychological diagnosis and treatment might have prevented Holmes’ criminal act, it would be imperative to briefly discuss a specific sub-theory of the positivist psychology: the trait theory. The trait theory is an umbrella term that encompasses a combination of various biological, psychological, and social factors that predispose an individual to develop and exhibit criminal behavior (van Gelder de Vries, 2012). These factors can be present at birth and may continually influence a person’s social functioning over his or her life course. Biologically, criminal behaviors may be attributed to factors such as genetics, hormones, metabolism, and neuro-physiological conditions. The trait theory also turns to the psychodynamics of a person to determine underlying mood disorders, personality traits, and cognitive patterns that result to criminal behavior. The theory likewise integrates social factors including social learning and environmental constrai nts as potential causes of criminal behavior or delinquency. As will be explained in the succeeding parts of this essay, Holmes had mental health issues that feature a combination of these factors. There are several indicators and clinical pathways that would have prevented Holmes from committing the mass shooting in Aurora, beginning with his prior psychological assessments. Reports note that the accused gunman had appointments with three mental health practitioners before the violent rampage. These experts include Dr. Lynne Fenton, the head psychiatrist of the mental health services of University of Colorado (Denver) (BBC, 2013). Dr. Fenton sent a report to the university’s threat assessment team regarding Holmes’ risk for homicidal behavior, but final diagnosis and follow-up evaluations were not carried out (Rosenberg, 2014). There were also other indicators of the gunman’s psychological disturbance, including a â€Å"bizarre guttural, freakish† personal voicemail message (BBC, 2013). While the results of Holmes’ post-arrest mental health assessment remain confidential, psychologists believe that the gunman might be suffering from schizoph renia and psychopathy (Solty, 2012). These conditions could explain Holmes’ impaired ideation or sense of reality as well as his propensity to commit violence. Nonetheless, issues about his mental well-being were not promptly diagnosed and treated. Psychotherapy would have â€Å"contained† and managed his hallucinations and impaired thought processes, hence the prevention of the fatal shooting. As noted earlier, the trait theory also includes biological factors that combine with psychological factors that, when promptly addressed, could have prevented Holmes from attacking and killing civilians. Similar to his psychological assessment, published evidences of a neurobiological trauma or head injury were absent. However, one may add the possibility of brain trauma or brain tumor as an underlying or aggravating factors for his mental health issue. The planning and execution of mass killing itself attest to the gunman’s lack of empathy and reasonable judgment. These traits are characteristic of damage in the orbitofrontal cortex part of the brain (Burke, 2014). In other words, brain imaging studies such as a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) scanning can help validate or rule out the aforementioned conditions. The quantification and measurement offered by these diagnostic tests are central to the positivist psychology. In any case, it would ha ve added to an effective clinical management to prevent Holmes from exhibiting violence. Moreover, the trait theory also provides an explanation for the social dimensions that might have influenced Holmes’ criminal behavior. One may begin by looking at the following analysis of Solty (2012): It is clear that Holmes seems to have felt himself to be in a hopeless situation. And as a man he didn’t have the increasingly popular option of female students in North America of becoming an entrepreneur of one’s own youthful†¦ [and] in his obvious desperation Holmes anticipated his suspension [from the University of Colorado]. He prepared and pursued his own de-matriculation. In his state, he must have realized that he would probably no longer be a top performer. (p.10) The above description highlights that there are constraining social factors that might have led to Holmes’ frustrations. Media reports note that Holmes never had a romantic relationship prior to the shooting incident; he was also rejected by the women whom he contacted at a casual dating website (BBC, 2013). A consistent achiever, Holmes might have been affected by a decline in his academic performance, which led to his plan to withdraw from the university. Thus, feelings of social rejection also add another angle to Holmes’ criminal behavior. Experts also found a link between Holmes’ fondness for video games, relative to the popular vigilante figure- Batman, and aggression. Simply put, the gunman’s violent tendencies might also be reinforced through social learning. Considerations for these social factors could have also solidified any psychiatric diagnosis and determine appropriate clinical interventions to address Holmes’ mental health issues. Convinced that Holmes’ criminal behavior was a result of biological and psychosocial factors beyond his control, it is reasonable to insist that the appropriate intervention would be confinement and treatment to a mental health facility. This view also conforms to the core tradition of criminological positivism in that it places emphasis on therapy or rehabilitation, rather than punishment exemplified by incarceration or death penalty. It must be re-emphasized that Holmes was and continues to have substantial psychological issues that impair his judgment and sense of reality. While in jail, he even committed suicide attempts (BBC, 2013). Without psychotherapy and other treatment modalities to manage his mental health condition, containing and incarcerating Holmes would only be futile. In particular, studies note that the rate of recidivism among mentally-ill inmates could be as high as 80% because they receive lack or insufficient psychiatric treatments inside the prison (Burk e, 2014). The ability of the trait theory to sufficiently explain the host of factors for Holmes’ criminal behavior only indicates that the final resolution to this case would be an intervention that follows a positivist approach. Overall, Holmes provides a case in point as to how various factors may work to develop a criminal mind among people who are susceptible to violence. This gunman shows that personality traits and the elements of these traits could eventually reach its maximum tolerance, depriving a person of any remaining rationality and sense of reality. Psychological and criminological positivism suggests that such criminal behavior could have been prevented or managed through prompt diagnosis and treatment. Now that damage was already done, the only way forward is to treat and rehabilitate the psychologically unstable gunman. References BBC. (2013, April 1). Profile: Aurora cinema shooting suspect James Holmes. Retrieved from http://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-18937513 Burke, R. H. (2014). An introduction to criminological theory (4th ed.). New York: Routledge. Rosenberg, J. (2014). Mass shootings and mental health policy. Journal of Sociology Social Welfare, 41(1), 107-121. Solty, I. (2012). Dear Left: The NRA is right – The mass shooter as high-achiever: Historical-materialist considerations on the resistible fall of James Holmes and the pathologization and culturalization of the cinema massacre in Aurora, Colorado. Socialism Democracy, 26(3), 1-13. Retrieved from 10.1080/08854300.2012.722372 van Gelder, J.-L., de Vries, R. E. (2012). Traits and states: Integrating personality and affect into a model of criminal decision making* traits and states. Criminology, 50(3), 637-671. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.2012.00276.x

Light Reactions and Plant Pigments

The Effect of Light Reactions on Plant Pigmentation Alyssa Martinez AP Biology 4th pd E. Perkins Abstract In this lab, we were to separate pigments and calculate Rf  values using plant pigment chromatography, describe a technique to determine the photosynthetic rate, compare photosynthetic rates at different light intensities using controlled experiments and explain why rate  of photosynthesis varies under different environmental conditions. In the second part of the lab, we used chloroplasts extracted from spinach leaves and incubated then with DPIP and used the dye-reduction technique. When the DPIP is reduced and becomes  colorless, the resultant increase in light transmittance is measured over a  period of time using a spectrophotometer. If pigments are separated, then Rf values can be determined. Introduction Paper chromatography is a  useful technique for separating and identifying pigments and other molecules from cell extracts that contain a  complex mixture of molecules. As solvent moves up  the  paper, it carries along any  substances dissolved in it. The more soluble, the further  it travels and vice-versa. Beta carotene is  the most abundant carotene in plants and is  carried along near the solvent front since it is very soluble and  forms no hydrogen bonds with cellulose. Xanthophyll contains oxygen and is found further from the solvent front since it  is less soluble in the solvent and is  slowed down by hydrogen  bonding to cellulose. Chlorophyll a is  primary photosynthetic pigment in plants. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids capture light energy and transfer it to  chlorophyll a at the reaction center. Light is  part of a continuum of radiation or energy waves. Shorter wavelengths of energy have greater amounts of energy. Wavelengths of light within the visible spectrum of  light power  photosynthesis. Light is absorbed by leaf  pigments while electrons within each photosystem are boosted to a higher energy level. This energy level is  used to produce ATP and reduce  NADP to NADPH. ATP and  NADPH are then used to  incorporate CO2 into organic molecules. In place of  the electron accepter, NADP, the compound DPIP  will be substituted. It changes chloroplasts from blue to colorless. Methodology Obtain a 50 ml graduated cylinder which has about 1 cm of solvent at the bottom. Cut a piece of  filter paper which will be long enough to reach the solvent. Draw a line about 1. 5 cm from the bottom of the paper. Use a quarter to extract the pigments from spinach leaf cells and place a small section of leaf on top of the pencil line. Use the ribbed edge of the coin to crush the leaf cells and be sure the pigment line is on top of the pencil line. Place  the chromatography  paper in the cylinder and cover the cylinder. When the solvent is about 1 cm from the top of the paper, remove the paper  and immediately mark the location of the solvent front before it evaporates. Mark the bottom of each pigment band and measure the distance each pigment migrated from the  bottom of the pigment origin to the bottom of the separated pigment band and record the distances. Then, turn on the spectrophotometer to warm up the instrument and set the wavelength to 605 nm. Set up an incubation area that  includes a light, water flask, and test tube rack. Label the cuvettes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively. Using lens tissue, wipe the outside walls of each cuvette. Using foil paper, cover the walls and bottom of cuvette 2. Light should not  be permitted inside cuvette 2 because it is a control for this experiment. Add 4 mL of distilled water to cuvette 1. To 2, 3, and 4, add 3 mL of distilled water and  1 mL of DPIP. To 5, add 3  mL plus 3 drops of distilled water and 1mL of DPIP. Bring the spectrophotometer to zero by adjusting the amplifier control knob until the meter reads 0% transmittance. Add 3 drops of unboiled chloroplasts and cover the top of cuvette 1 with Parafilm and invert to mix. Insert cuvette 1 into  the sample holder and adjust the  instrument to 100% transmittance. Obtain the unboiled chloroplast suspension, stir to mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 2. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 2. Then remove it from the foil sleeve and  insert it into the spectrophotometer's sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record it. Replace cuvette 2 into the foil sleeve,  and place it into the incubation test tube rack and turn on the flood light. Take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and 15  minutes. Mix the cuvette’s contents before each reading. Take the unboiled chloroplast suspension, mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 3. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 3 and insert it into the spectrophotometer's sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record. Replace cuvette 3 into the incubation test tube rack. Take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and  15 minutes. Mix the cuvette's contents just prior  to each readings. Obtain the boiled chloroplast suspension, mix, and transfer 3 drops to cuvette 4. Immediately cover and mix cuvette 4. Insert it into the spectrophotometer's sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and record it. Replace cuvette 4 into the incubation test tube rack and take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and  15 minutes. Cover and mix the contents of cuvette 5 and insert it into the spectrophotometer's sample holder, read the percentage transmittance, and  record. Replace cuvette  5 into the incubation test tube rack and take and record additional readings at 5, 10, and 15 minutes. Results Table 4. 1: Distance Moved by Pigment Band (millimeters) Band Number| Distance (mm)| Band Color| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Distance Solvent Front Moved ____ (mm) Table 4. 2: Analysis of Results __ = Rf for Carotene (yellow to yellow orange) __ = Rf for Xanthophyll (yellow) __ = Rf for Chlorophyll a (bring green to blue green) __ = Rf for chlorophyll b (yellow green to olive green) Table 4. 4: Transmittance (%) Time (minutes) Cuvette| 0| 5| 10| 15| 2 Unboiled/Dark| | | | | 3 Unboiled/Light| | | | | Boiled/Light| | | | | 5 No Chloroplasts/ Light| | | | | Analysis of Results Graph Discussion Chromatography  is  a  technique  used  to  separate  and identify pigments and other molecules from cell extracts that contain a complex mixture of molecules. This can be used to identify the pigments that are used in the  process of  photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use light energy to produce chemical  energy in the form of food. This is where plant pigments come into play because they are the reason why the plant is able to absorb light. Chlorophyll a is one such  pigment. These pigments along with many others are contained in organelles known as chloroplasts. One of the problems encountered during the course of this lab included human error when using the spectrophotometer. The student made slight errors when setting the transmittance to the required levels. On a few occasions, the group accidentally introduced light into a cuvette where the variable being tested was the absence of light. This might have caused some error when taking measurements of the percentage  of transmittance. This resulted in skewed data, which meant that the experiment had to be repeated once more. During the first part of the  lab, the group made an error by allowing some part of the pigment  to be in the solvent. This did alter our results in the end. Topics for Discussion 4A: Plant Pigment Chromatography 1. What factors are involved in the separation of the pigments? The factors involved in the separation of the  pigments  from the  spinach plants  are the pigments’ solubility in the solution, how much they bind to the paper based on their chemical structure, and the size of the pigment particles. . Would you expect the Rf value of a pigment to be the same if a different solvent were used? Explain. No I would not expect the Rf values to be different because the pigments will dissolve differently in different types of solvents. For example, chlorophyll b is very soluble in hydrophobic solutions, so if the crushed spinach cells on the paper were put in a hydrophobic s olution, the chlorophyll b would move the highest and probably be right on the solution front, while the other pigments will move much less. 3. What type of chlorophyll does the reaction center contain? What are the roles of the other pigments? Chlorophyll a is in the reaction center, and the other pigments are able to absorb light from the other wavelengths that chlorophyll a cannot absorb light from, and then they transfer the energy harvested from the other wavelengths to the chlorophyll a, providing more energy to be used in photosynthesis. 4B: Photosynthesis/The Light Reaction 1. What is the function of DPIP in this experiment? DPIP is the electron acceptor in this experiment (instead of NADP which is what is normally used in plants). The electrons boosted to high energy levels will reduce the DPIP, which will change its color from blue to clear as more high energy electrons are absorbed by it. 2. What molecule found in chloroplast does DPIP â€Å"replace† in this experiment? It replaces NADP molecules that are found in chloroplasts. 3. What is the source of the electrons that will reduce DPIP? The electrons come from the photolysis of water. 4. What was measured with the spectrophotometer in this experiment? The light transmittance was measured, which really was the measure of how much the chloroplasts reduced the DPIP 5. What is the effect of darkness on the reduction of DPIP? Explain. Darkness will restrict any reaction to occur. 6. What is the effect of boiling the chloroplasts on the subsequent reduction of DPIP? Explain. By boiling chloroplasts, we denature the protein molecules, ending the reduction of DPIP. 7. What reasons can you give for the difference in the percent transmittance between the live chloroplasts that were incubated in the light and those that were kept in the dark? The percent transmittance grew to steadily higher numbers as the experiment progressed because the light reaction was able to occur. However, the dark cuvettes had stable levels of transmittance because light is necessary to excite electrons, which, in turn, reduces the DPIP. 8. Identify the function of each of the cuvettes. Cuvette 1: Used as the control Cuvette 2: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis without light Cuvette 3: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis with light Cuvette 4: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis in boiled chloroplasts Cuvette 5: Used to observe the rate of photosynthesis

Political and Economic System

World Geography and Culture Spain Analysis of the Political and Economic Systems Table of Contents I. Introduction (abstract) II. Political System a. Type of Political System b. Structure of the Government c. Identify a current law/policy law d. Impact on society III. Economic System a. Type of economic system b. Identify a current economic issue c. Government role in address the issue d. Impact on society IV. Compare Contract a. Economic issue country of origin V. Conclusion Abstract In this essay, I had to assume the role of a politician and an economist.The country of Spain has many different political issues that can impact the society based on the structure of the government. The economic issues can impact the society based on how the government decides to deal with it. I also had to compare and contrast the current economic and political issue in my country of origin which is Puerto Rico to Spain’s economic and political issue. Introduction Spain also known as the kingdo m of Spain is a beautiful country with a very appealing geography, history, culture, economy, missionary effort, and state capitol.Spain’s political system is parliamentary monarchy. Spain has many different political and economic issues that can impact the society. Most of these issues can be deal by the government. Sometimes other countries can be compare and contract its political and economic issues to other countries. Political System Spain’s government is parliamentary monarchy. The most important task of the constitution was to devolve power to the regions, which were given their own governments, regional assemblies and supreme legal authorities.The central government retains exclusive responsibility for foreign affairs, external trade, defense, justice, law (criminal, commercial and labour), merchant shipping and civil aviation. Spain has been a member of the United Nations (UN) since 1955, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1982 and the Europe an Union (EU) since 1986, and is also a permanent observer member of the Organization of American States (OAS). Spain has three branches of government which includes the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judicial branch.The Senate has 259 members, directly elected by a first-past-the-post system. Each province provides four members plus additional members in the Balearic and Canary islands, where extra members represent the various islands, making a total of 208 members. The 17 autonomous regions also elect one senator each and an additional member for every million inhabitants, totaling a further 51 members. The Senate has the power to amend or veto legislation initiated by Congress.Under Spanish law, the official result of a general election is made public five days after the vote, in order to allow sufficient time for recounts and disputed results. After the members have been sworn in, the King of Spain meets with the party leaders and asks one of them to form a go vernment, which must then be ratified by parliament. The leader of the party of government becomes the president of Spain and has his official residence in the Moncloa Palace in Madrid. The role of citizens in Spain is that they have to be born of a Spanish mother or father.A person born in Spain of foreign parents if neither of them has Spanish nationality or if neither of the parents' legislations confer a nationality to their children. Spain has many political issues. One political issue is during the last few years has been corruption among public officials, including illegal financing of political parties, tax avoidance, fraud, bribery, trying to keep a place or someone in the residential institution, nepotism, misappropriation of public funds, illegal patronage, influence-peddling and kickbacks.Spain has been described (in the Spanish press) as the most corrupt society among the original 15 members of the EU and corruption permeates political and public life at every level. Th is problem is affecting the Marbella council on a massive scale, involving tens of millions of euros pocketed by council officials. Economic System Spain’s economy is a well-based way to equally spread money to all of the people. Some of Spain’s natural resources include coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin; hydroelectric power.Spain’s currency is the European Union euro. Spain’s imports include machinery and equipment, fuels, chemicals, semi-finished goods, foodstuffs, consumer goods, measuring and medical control instruments. In 2011, the amount of money that Spain received for imports was $364. 9 billion. Some of Spain’s exports include machinery, motor vehicles; foodstuffs, pharmaceuticals, medicines, other consumer goods. In 2011, the amount of money that Spain received for exports was $309. 6 billion. The gross domestic per capita is thirty three thousand six hundred euros a year.In labor force 2. 4 percent goes to agriculture, 24 percent to industry, and 71. 1 percent to services. Spain came out in the number one position because it is a sunny country, because its citizens enjoy shorter working hours and more days holiday, because energy and lifestyle costs are lower, because the government invests into education and healthcare, because the average age at which people die is higher than in most of Europe and because overall, living in Spain ensures you have a better quality of life. Spain has many economic issues.One economic issue is that the Spanish banks' high exposure to the collapsed domestic construction and real estate market also poses a continued risk for the sector. The government oversaw a restructuring of the savings bank sector in 2010, and provided some $15 billion in capital to various institutions. Investors remain concerned that Madrid may need to bail out more troubled banks. The Bank of Spain, however, is seeking to boost confiden ce in the financial sector by pressuring banks to come clean about their losses and consolidate into stronger groups.Puerto Rico doesn’t have political and economic issues similar to Spain. One reason Puerto Rico political issue is not similar to Spain because Puerto Ricans do not have representation in the U. S. Senate and no voting representation in Congress. Instead, the 4 million U. S. Citizens of Puerto Rico only have one â€Å"Resident Commissioner† who cannot even vote on the House floor. Therefore, Puerto Ricans have no say in the making of the laws and statutes that apply to them. Even though the U. S. Supreme Court has absolute jurisdiction over Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans do not have representation in the U.S. Senate to cast an up or down vote on Supreme Court nominees. In the end, Puerto Rico is governed by a Congress in which they are not allowed to participate in, an Executive whom they did not elect, and a Judiciary whose justices they did not confirm. Th e 4 million U. S. Citizens of Puerto Rico are not allowed to fully participate in the democratic process of their nation. One reason Puerto Rico economic issue is not similar to Spain because recently in Puerto Rico the economy has suffered budget cuts from U.S. The Puerto Rican economy has depended heavily on the tax incentives given to U. S. mainland companies and on federal transfers. Conclusion There were many different things that I learned about Spain’s Political and Economic Systems. One thing that I found interesting was that Spain has the ninth largest economy in the world. Another thing that I found interesting was that Spain was originally a constitutional monarchy but over time became a parliamentary monarchy.

Fighting Environmental Injustice Essays

Fighting Environmental Injustice Essays Fighting Environmental Injustice Essay Fighting Environmental Injustice Essay Fighting Environmental Injustice Crystal Rainey SCI 207 Dependence of Man on the Environment Richard Hoagland March 30, 2011 Fighting Environmental Injustice Our envirment has been poorly treated by humans for years. It should be everyones job to help take care of our enviroment. Taking care of our enviroment and trying to make our environment healthier is a big job and is something everyone care partake in, but who fights for enviromental injustice. The Environmental Protection Agency or EPA you could say is the main fighter when it comes to fighting for environmental Injustice but are they doing enough and should they be doing more? I think that the EPA should be doing more for fighting for environmental injustice but being that the EPA is an government agency could their view have become distorted by finantional gain. I will be demastrighting what the epa was done for enviromental injustice but more importanly what they are not doing. In 1990 the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published Envi- ronmental Equity: Reducing Risks for All Communities, (Easton, T. 2008)a repost that acknowledged the need to pay attention to many of the concerns raised by environmental justice activists. At the 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, a set of principles of Environmental Justice was widely dis- cussed. In 1993 the EPA opened an Office of Environmental Equity (now the Office of Environmental Justice) with plans for cleaning up sites in several poor communities. In February 1994 President Bill Clinton made environ- mental justice a national priority with an executive order. Since then, many complaints of environmental discrimination have been filed with the EPA under Title VI of the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964; and in March 1998 the EPA issued guidelines for investigating those complaints. : However, in April 2001 the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that individuals cannot sue states by charging that federally funded policies unintentionally violate the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 2009 the EPA administered the Recovery act( Recovery Act, 2009) The Recovery Act provides $7. 22 billion for specific programs administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Program-Specific Recovery Act Plans accompany thisdocument and represent the heart of EPA’s contribution to the nation’s economic stimulus. The six Program Plans are: Clean water revolving fund recovery act plan:Investing in construction of water quality protection and wastewater treatment infrastructure. , Drinking water state revoling fund recovery act plan: Ensuring clean drinking water, Brownfields Recovery Act plan : Cleaning up former industrial sites for newcommercial or community use, and training and placing persons in environmental careers. Superfund Recovery Act:Cleaning up uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. Clean diesel: Supporting the use, development, and commercialization of strategies to reduce diesel emissions. The EPA may be on to something but its not having an effect on everyone. There are still hazardous waste, unclean water and many many things that are not accomplished. For example we have people to come pick our trash up but no one to pick up our recycable, so why make that extra trip when we can just throw everything in with the trash. This is what I think apart of the EPAs jobs they should make these kind of things more assessable for people. I think this would make people want to contribute more. The Epa also has been on board of the clean air act Prior to 1990, the Clean Air Act required EPA to set standards for each toxic air pollutant individually, (Environmental Protection Agency,2007) based on its particular health risks. This approach proved difficult and minimally effective at reducing emissions. As a result, when amending the Clean Air Act in 1990, Congress directed EPA to use a technology-based and performance-based approach to significantly reduce emissions of air toxics from major sources of air pollution, followed by a risk-based approach to address any remaining, or residual, risks. Under the technology-based approach, EPA develops standards for controlling the routine emissions of air toxics from each major type of facility within an industry group or source category. These standards known as maximum achievable control technology (MACT) standards are based on emissions levels that are already being achieved by the better-controlled and lower-emitting sources in an industry. This approach assures citizens nationwide that each major source of toxic air pollution will be required to employ effective measures to limit its emissions. Also, this approach provides a level economic playing field by ensuring that facilities that employ cleaner processes and good emission controls are not disadvantaged relative to competitors with poorer controls. So far sould like the EPA is doing a job but what are some of the problems the EPA is not paying closer acattention to and are these problems effecting our enviroment? A hudge problem is that of monitoring and enforcement of the nations environmental regulations. This could mean many things for example a company is not being monitored for how much toxons that are being put into the air. Restuccia, A. 2011)The Environmental Protection Agency is not doing a good enough job monitoring the potential public health hazards associated with a controversial natural gas drilling process known as hydraulic fracturing, or â€Å"fracking. Fracking in which water, sand and chemicals are injected into the ground to release valuable natural gas deposits – is a major drilling techni que for accessing the country’s massive shale gas reserves. But environmentalists have long raised concerns that the process pollutes drinking water and harms the enviroment. EPA is in the process of conducting a study on the health effects of fracking. But a recent invertigative series by the new york time found that fracking wastewater has been released into waterways withoutbeing teated for radioactive isotopes. The investigation also found that federal scientists concerns about fracking have been removed from key EPA documents on the issue. This is unacceptable, anything that could have a effect on human health needs attention. By the EPA doing this they are not doing their job. These toxions the EPA has resting in their hands even involve the food we eat (Resnik,B. D Portier. C. 2005) . Faced with higafety standards for a variety of chemicals, some pesticide companies decided to conduct experiments on human subjects to produce data that they hoped would convince the U. S. EPA to lower the interspecies safety factor. From 1996 to 2004, the U. S. EPA received 20 studies from private companies providing human dosing data on pesticide toxicity. However, a Law that was intended to provide additional safety protection for children had the unintended effect of encouraging some companies to test toxic compounds on human beings to avoid the regulatory impact of the law. So not only were these people testing on other humans they were putting toxions in the air. There are many strategies we are now using to help with minimizing toxic effects (Cunningham Cunningham, 2008) A fundamental concept in toxicology is that every material can be poisonous under some conditions, but most chemicals have a safe level or threshold below which their effects are undetectable or insignificant. Each of us consumes lethal doses of many chemicals. over the course of a lifetime. One hundred cups of strong coffee, for instance, contain a lethal dose of caffeine. Similarly, 100 aspi- rin tablets, 10 kg (22 lbs) of spinach or rhubarb, or a liter of alco- hol would be deadly if consumed all at once. Taken in small doses, however, most toxins can be broken down or excreted before they do much harm. Furthermore, the damage they cause can be repaired. Sometimes, however, mechanisms that protect us from one type of toxin or at one stage in the life cycle become deleteri- ous with another substance or in another stage of development. Let’s look at how these processes help protect us from harmful substances, as well as how they can go awry. With most things there is going to be a reaction. Most things put off some type of toxon. Being that most of them are at a human level of saftey does not mean we should be careless. While the EPA seems to be doing their job, seems that they are missing some big issues that need to be address. I still think that taking care of our enviroment is a big job and it should be everyones job. I think that the job of the EPA is to try to stay on top of making sure that if people are not doing things they should not be doing when it comes to our enviroment they should be punished. People that do not go by the guidelines for the EPA should be punished and not just a slap on the hand. This is not a game everytime these companies produce more toxions then they should or dump waste into waters. It is not just effecting one person. This type of behavior effects everyone but it still seems whenever money is involved anything goes. This could be how people are getting away with doing these acts and nothing is being done. We have to face that when money in envolved many things get passed and this very well could be happening because a lot of these companies could be making millions even billions. It would be nothing for the EPA to get paid off to keep out of EPA reports. Its really a shame that money has become even more important then protecting the enviroment. Resources Easton, T. (2008) Taking sides: Clashing views on controversial envirmental issues. (Custon 13th(. New York: McGraw-Hill Environmental Protection Agency(2007) Taken Toxics out of the air. http://epa. gov/air/oaqps/takingtoxics/p1. html Restuccia, A. (2011) EPA not doing good enough job monitoring. http://thehill. com/blogs/e2-wire/677-e2-wire/147701-house-democrat-epa-not-doing-a-good-enough-job-monitoring-fracking Resnik,B. D. Portier. C. (2005) Pesticides Testing on Human subjects. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1257640/ Cunningham, W. P. , Cunningham, M. A. (2009). Questions for baloney detection. In Principles of enviromental science.

Animal Farm by George Orwell

Animal Farm by George Orwell It was good, it was bad ; it was a dream, it was a nightmare; It was justice , it was injustice. When white becomes dark , pens try to enlighten the way for those who are strays. Orwell's pen was one of those pens. His masterpiece Animal Farm revealed the truth for the simple people who sacrificed every thing for nothing.In Animal Farm, George Orwell uses farm animals to portray people of power and the common people during the Russian Revolution. The novel starts off with the Major explaining to all the animals in the farm how they are being treated wrongly and how they can over throw their owner, Mr. Jones. They finally gang up on their owner and he leaves the farm. Then they start their own farm with their own rules and commandments. Originally the two people in charge of the Animal Farm, are Napoleon and Snowball.Government spendingOld Major is a character in the book that leads the entire crew of animals; he is the ruler in society. Boxer is a cart-pulling horse that represents t he common person in real life. Benjamin, the donkey, is the critic in society. Napoleon is the challenger in society; he is the prodessor to his ruler. Snowball is the follower of the follower in society. He does not have a mind of his own; he is a second follower.All and all, the book was unrealistic, extremely static, not prone to a suspense factor, and plain boring. It was poorly written, and for those who do not understand that...

Modern and Postmodern Architecture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Modern and Postmodern Architecture - Essay Example In the recorded source of modern architecture, it includes the architects who designed the structures, artistic swiftness, the technology and elements that formed the new framework possible. Modern architecture started in the western and northern counties (e.g. United States and Europe) and from there it spread to the rest of the world. As compared to conspicuous early modern designs are prolific and amply adorned structures in Glasgow, Scotland, by Charles Rennie Mackintosh; having great creativity for a city of the future by Italian visionary Antonio Sant'Elia; and houses with stream-like spaces and projecting roofs by the American pioneer of modernism, Frank Lloyd Wright. A significant trend of constructions that arrived subsequently compromise the glossy villas of Swiss-French architect Le Corbusier; daring new factories in Germany by Peter Behrens and Walter Gropius; and steel and glass very tall buildings designed by German-born architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (Fleming et al , n.d.; Ghirardo, 2006; Musgrove, 1987). Modern architects opposed the system of the architecture of the 19th century, because they experienced being lent too great from the past. They perceived this structure either tyrannically confined to former styles or displeased quaint and eclectic. When 20th century started they felt it was needed to create an architectural design that showed the vigor or soul of the new generation that would exceed the elements, techniques, styles and technologies of earlier system. This consolidating goal did not mean that the structural creations should resemble in appearance, nor architects would merge with other issues (Ghirardo, 2006; Musgrove, 1987). Basically the aesthetics (artistic values) of modern architects disagreed fundamentally so some of them, enchanted by the influential devices evolved towards the end of 19th century, pursue to plan a framework that would convoyed the luxuriousness and energy of an engine. Their artistic values commemorated duties in all forms of designs and artworks from household furnishings, bridges, and towering structures to a ponderous ocean liners and new flying machines. No matter how, others perceived a machine-like gracefulness unnecessary to the system. They considered a structure that showed, not just the reasonableness of the engines, but the obscure powers of human emotions and spirits (Ghirardo, 2006; Musgrove, 1987). Modern architects opposed their discernment of historical traditions, while some deserted other documents recorded. Though not all, there are still a few who improved the past inventions to modernize their creations. Italian architect Antonio Sant'Elia reverberatingly refused the old system in his Futurist Manifesto of 1914 (Futurism). To more futuristic approach, he called the attention of each generation to be more creative in constructing new buildings using glass, steel, and concrete materials. The new styles of his countryman Giuseppe Terragni, attributed distinctly to the former designs. Terragni's Casa del Fascio (Fascist Party Headquarters, 1932-1936) in Como, Italy, had an interior hall for open gathering inspired by the courtyards of Italian Renaissance palaces, and windows were patterned to ancient

Online discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Online discussion - Essay Example With this in mind, the use of critical literacy is important for children’s learning and social development because this particular instructional approach enables the students to carefully examine and decode critical perspectives on texts they read. Through critical literacy, students are expected to understand how these texts could significantly influence and change their perspectives on how they should act as one of the members within the society. Dora is one of Mattel and Nickelodeon’s famous cartoon characters for female children. To ensure that the older Dora version will not create wrong perception on how teenage children should be like, the company exerted an effort to gather opinions from mothers who patronage Dora as a suitable toy for their children (SFGate, 2011). Q.2 What can adults do to support children’s critical literacy? Parents and adults have a significant role to play when it comes to children’s critical literacy. At a very young age, c hildren do not have the ability to distinguish the differences between good and bad image and action. In the absence of proper guidance from the adults, children can easily be influenced by what they see, hear, or read without actually knowing whether or not the thing they have absorbed is good.